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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D">Counsel for the opposition reporting in.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D">I'm no expert, but here's some of the context surrounding the decision to transcribe a 'Tironian et' as an ampersand. As Erin mentions, a lot of people were mistaking a blackletter
ampersand for a Tironian et. I consulted Paul Needham, incunabulist. Skipping to the end of our conversation, he said that he transcribes all sigla representing 'and' in whatever language as an ampersand. This approach to transcribing all sigla representing
'and' in print simplifies things and doesn't require that a cataloger know what Tironian notes are. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D">Almost all the opposition to this change came from folks in the manuscript community. This got me thinking "why."
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="color:#1F497D;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tironian_notes">Tironian notes</a> were developed as a system of shorthand. Can you call a symbol a Tironian et if other notes from the system aren't also in use? I could argue
that a 7-shaped symbol for 'and' is just a graphical variant of an ampersand, just as both long and short s's are graphical variants of the letter 's'.
<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="color:#1F497D;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">The widespread misidentification of Tironian et, even by highly experienced catalogers, argues for simplification of treatment in favor of consistency of meaning. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="color:#1F497D;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">Tironian notes are a manuscript tradition. DCRM(B), and for the moment DCRMR, concerns itself with printed text. I have limited experience with incunables myself, but haven't seen use of Tironian notes (not just the
'et') in use in print. I would be interested to be proved wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="color:#1F497D;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif">As a system of manuscript shorthand that doesn't generally apply to printed text, it should be a part of manuscript-specific instructions. I would further venture to argue that Tironian et's should only be considered
such when they are used with other Tironian notes as part of a system of shorthand. Otherwise, it's just a siglum representing 'and' and the best representation of that is an ampersand. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#2E74B5">______________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#2E74B5">Deborah J Leslie, M.A., M.L.S. | Senior Cataloger | Folger Shakespeare Library | 201 East Capitol Street, S.E. Washington, DC 20003 |
<a href="mailto:djleslie@folger.edu"><span style="color:#2E74B5;text-decoration:none">djleslie@folger.edu</span></a> |
<a href="http://www.folger.edu/"><span style="color:#0563C1">www.folger.edu</span></a> | Opinions her own<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> DCRM-L <dcrm-l-bounces@lib.byu.edu> <b>On Behalf Of
</b>Erin Blake<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, 21 September, 2021 12:24<br>
<b>To:</b> DCRM Users' Group <dcrm-l@lib.byu.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [DCRM-L] Tironian "et" revisited: not an ampersand<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Belatedly realized that there's a super-easy way to tell the difference between a Tironian sign "et" and an ampersand, I just didn't think to articulate it before: an ampersand extends above x-height, a Tironian sign et does not. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Erin.<br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><a name="SignatureSanitizer__MailAutoSig"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">______________________<br>
Erin Blake, Ph.D. | Senior Cataloger | Folger Shakespeare Library | 201 E. Capitol St. SE, Washington, DC, 20003 |
</span></a><a href="mailto:eblake@folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">eblake@folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> |
</span><a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/G6_BCzp4MAt37BLHXdW1D?domain=urldefense.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">www.folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
| Pronouns: she/her/hers</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Sep 20, 2021 at 5:28 PM Erin Blake <<a href="mailto:erin.blake.folger@gmail.com">erin.blake.folger@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I think Jessie Sherwood is right: the bottom two examples are just fancy Tironian signs (and if I'd opened up my copy of Jean F. Preston and Laetitia Yeandle's
<i>English Handwriting 1400-1650</i>, which was on my desk while I was writing, I'd have seen that their list of typographical examples includes the exact same shape as the first one).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I was trying to make an e-t ligature out of them, but looking at handwritten Tironian "et" examples (and handwritten examples where "&" replaces the sound "et" in a word that isn't "and"), they're not [additional evidence: my own online
folder of examples is called "Fancy Tironian et"]. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'm going to update the blog accordingly.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Erin.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">______________________<br>
<a name="m_-4433340581846764974_SignatureSanitize">Erin Blake, Ph.D. | Senior Cataloger | Folger Shakespeare Library | 201 E. Capitol St. SE, Washington, DC, 20003 |
</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark:m_-4433340581846764974_SignatureSanitize"></span><a href="mailto:eblake@folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">eblake@folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
| </span><a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/G6_BCzp4MAt37BLHXdW1D?domain=urldefense.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">www.folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
| Pronouns: she/her/hers</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Sep 20, 2021 at 5:14 PM Jessie Sherwood <<a href="mailto:jcsherwood@law.berkeley.edu" target="_blank">jcsherwood@law.berkeley.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">Also, to my eye, the bottom two examples under ampersand look more like Tironian ets with swanky approach strokes than e-t ligatures.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, 20 Sept 2021 at 12:43, Jessie Sherwood <<a href="mailto:jcsherwood@law.berkeley.edu" target="_blank">jcsherwood@law.berkeley.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Is it time to move the Tironian sign "et" into DCRMR's "Brevigraphs" chart, leaving "&" behind in the "Early letterforms and symbols" chart?
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">I think so. As you say, the Tironian et and the ampersand are not at all the same thing: & is a ligature, while the Tironian et is part an early form of shorthand.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, 20 Sept 2021 at 11:34, Erin Blake <<a href="mailto:erin.blake.folger@gmail.com" target="_blank">erin.blake.folger@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julie Kemper posed an excellent question on the <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/6CKXCADX3rHg8oYH9BRuS?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank">
Folger blog post about Brevigraphs</a> last week, "<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"inherit",serif">One question I have is why ampersands and Tironian notes are treated the same. To me they are separate symbols and ampersands should be transcribed as “&” while Tironian notes should be transcribed
as “[et]”. Am I being overly pedantic about something which hardly anyone cares about?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">That gave me a deja-vu feeling, so I went to the DCRM-L archives, and sure enough, back in
<a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/qkblCBBX3vS1ymofjH2yY?domain=listserver.lib.byu.edu" target="_blank">
2003</a>, then again in <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/sa8ACDkZ3xi1ymPflBi4_?domain=listserver.lib.byu.edu" target="_blank">2011</a>, and again in
<a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Y5cnCERX3ytmYGPCQUeX-?domain=listserver.lib.byu.edu" target="_blank">
2013</a> the collective "we" of this list identified the instruction to transcribe a Tironian sign “et” (<span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">⁊</span>) as an ampersand as a problem: mounting evidence showed that "[et]" would be a more appropriate transcription
than "&" but the problem was set aside until "the joint DCRM" was being written. In other words, the time is now.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Looking back at the discussions, I think the problem originated because gothic type ampersands (in no. 1 of the blog post, an "e" and "t" combined) were being conflated with the Tironian sign "et" (no. 8, short-hand representation of the
sound "et"):<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>1.</b> <strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></strong><b><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">[ampersand]</span></strong><br>
</b>This is the easy one. Ampersands are still in use today, so instead of expanding the brevigraph <em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&</span></b></em> in square brackets, rare materials catalogers simply use an ampersand. <br>
= & (Latin, <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/2WTICG6X3AHm6lgC14cW3?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">see in context</span></a>)<br>
= & (English, <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Sus3CJ6K31HRVzXTyQFAd?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">see in context</span></a>)<br>
= &c. (Latin, <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/kZcKCKr73GUl6wJH2K9Ot?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">see in context</span></a>)<br>
<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">8. </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">[</span></strong><em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">7</span></b></em><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> at
beginning of word]</span></strong><b><br>
</b>An alternative shape for <strong><i><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&</span></i></strong>, but actually the <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/PVVBCL913GTA7OvC5zTFe?domain=en.wikipedia.org" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">Tironian
short hand</span></a> symbol <em><b><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">⁊</span></b></em>, which represents the <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">sound</span></em> “et” (rather than the word as such). If a particular font didn’t
have a dedicated Tironian sign et, then <em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">ꝛ</span></b></em> (a small “<a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/7sY2CM8K3Xtg78lHNuMWG?domain=en.wikipedia.org" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">r
rotunda</span></a>“) could be used. Because the symbol is a representation of <em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&</span></b></em> and because <em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&</span></b></em> is still used today, rare
materials catalogers silently replace it with <em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">&</span></b></em>. See no. 1 for ampersandy ampersands.<br>
= & (Latin, <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/4su3CNkK3GiAzxRClfz4y?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">see in context</span></a>)<br>
= &[cetera] (Latin, with r-rotunda, <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/2TUiCOYX3GiJMXGsR4xgC?domain=collation.folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:#CC3535">see in context</span></a>; see no. 3 for [cetera])<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Is it time to move the Tironian sign "et" into DCRMR's "Brevigraphs" chart, leaving "&" behind in the "Early letterforms and symbols" chart?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Erin.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">______________________<br>
<a name="m_-4433340581846764974_m_-18180519532468">Erin Blake, Ph.D. | Senior Cataloger | Folger Shakespeare Library | 201 E. Capitol St. SE, Washington, DC, 20003 |
</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark:m_-4433340581846764974_m_-18180519532468"></span><a href="mailto:eblake@folger.edu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">eblake@folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
| </span><a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/G6_BCzp4MAt37BLHXdW1D?domain=urldefense.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">www.folger.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">
| Pronouns: she/her/hers</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Garamond",serif">Jessie Sherwood, Ph.D., MLIS</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Garamond",serif">Jessie Sherwood, Ph.D., MLIS</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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